A few days after the J&J vaccine was released, it became a controversial talking point when the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans urged its parishioners to avoid this vaccine, calling it “morally compromised” because it was developed and tested using cells derived from aborted fetal tissues (NBC News, March 2)
Many Christians are now very concerned. Should they avoid this vaccine, even if it is the only one for which they can get an appointment?
Let’s talk about it, but before reacting to the Archbishop’s ethical statement we first need to be very clear about the medical science involved.
The Archbishop is talking about tissue-derived cell lines, not embryonic stem cells, as some of us have heard reported.
Cell lines begin as tissue cells grown in lab dishes which continue to produce the same cells over and over and over, as long as specific nutrients are provided. As one container fills up, some of the cells are moved into new containers where they have room to continue to grow indefinitely. The process is continually repeated.
Perhaps some of you have experienced making sour-dough bread? Maintaining the sour-dough starter is very similar to maintaining cell lines. Continuing to add the milk, flour, and sugar means that the starter keeps reproducing itself. The starter you had a week ago is the same as the one you have now – there is just more of it. And you give it away, don’t you? (Anything to avoid having it take over the fridge!) After a while all of your friends possess the same sour dough starter in their fridges.
In a roughly similar way, two particular tissue cell lines – with the unlikely names of HEK293 and PerC6 – have ended up becoming cell standards in labs all around the world. Possessing these cell lines, each lab has some exactly similar cells on which to test new chemical reagents, antibiotics, or drugs. Scientists can then accurately compare their results to those obtained by other labs, or perhaps to the results of past experiments. With that knowledge they can adjust the formula to make it more effective.(think vaccines)
In medicine, such common standard cell lines are necessary because the plain fact is that accurate measurement, and reproducibility of experiment results, are the cornerstones of science. Comparing results from different tissues in different labs is like comparing bananas to pineapples.
Enter cell lines HEC293 and PerC6. Use of these cell lines has already played a large role in the medical development of frequently used treatments.
But here comes the problem!
When we question where and when these helpful cell lines first originated, we find that the HEK293 cells came from the tissue of an aborted fetus in the Netherlands in 1973.
The PerC6 cell-line came from the tissues of an aborted fetus in 1985 and was developed by a proprietary company into a cell line..
So, yes, these are human fetal-tissue cell lines.
At this time it is important to note that the maintaining of the cell lines over the years has not required, or used, any further fetal tissue. They are maintained on chemical substances added to the dish. Just as my water-grown herb garden, to which I add a capful of growth chemicals every couple of weeks, produces plentiful parsley, dill, basil, and Thai basil throughout the winter.)
Now having clarified the science involved, let’s get back to the ethical question.
Should we avoid the J&J vaccine because it was developed and tested using cells derived from aborted fetal tissues?
In a perfect world the answer would obviously be yes. [ Of course, in a perfect world this concern wouldn’t have arisen in the first place.]
But God tells us (and we can easily see) that this is not a perfect world, and none of us are free from sinful actions. He has given us guidelines in His word as to how to live and make choices that are pleasing to him, but many choices are grey, not black-and-white. And none are more difficult than when two ‘good’ principles appear to point to different actions.
But before we get to those two principles, I want to muddy the waters even more.
The fact is that all three of the currently available vaccines used one of these cell lines, to a smaller or greater degree, while being produced.
Pfizer and Moderna’s use of cell lines
The Pfizer and Moderna vaccine makers used the HEK293 cell-line for two testing situations.
Prior to testing they had created the genetic mRNA strands in lab test tubes by adding chemical nucleotide ‘beads’ together. They did this until they had the coded strand needed to direct the making of the virus ‘bit’ in the vaccinated cells. This ‘bit’ is required to stimulate the body defenses. (Note – mRNA strands are not alive and did not need to be maintained in living cells)
However a necessary early part of any vaccine, or drug, production is to be sure the new vaccine doesn’t kill the cells it is treating (known as toxicity). So Moderna and Pfizer carried out tests in which the vaccine was placed within some of the HEK293 cells, to make sure the vaccine was safe for us.
Later on in the trials it was important to prove that the vaccine could stimulate the production of a good amount of antibodies (i.e. the vaccine would be effective enough to protect us). Currently the only reliable way to do that was to place the vaccine in the HEK293 cells again, and measure the amount of antibody produced in them. In this way the antibody production could be compared to the results of other labs and other vaccines, and the vaccine’s value could be proved to the FDA.
So the new mRNA vaccines of Pfizer and Moderna made use of the HEC293 cell line periodically for testing.
Johnson and Johnson’s use of cell lines
On the other hand, the J&J vaccine was made in the more traditional vaccine way. In this viral-vector(viral carrier) procedure, the vaccine is carried into the body by a disabled adenovirus. Both the vaccine and necessary parts of the adeno virus were made within cells of the PerC6 line, after the scientists had added the necessary DNA codes into them.
The continuous use of the cells is required because viruses and viral vectors are semi-alive and can’t be made in a test tube (like the mRNA vaccines), so they have to be made within some kind of cell.
So although there are differences in which cell line was used, and how the three vaccines used the cell lines, they all did use the cell lines.
Before we go on, though, I feel it is IMPORTANT TO NOTE FOR ALL THREE OF THE VACCINES:
- there was NO freshly aborted fetal tissue involved in the testing of any of the vaccines,
- there are NO fetal cells of any sort (old or new) within any of the vaccines..
At this point, let’s summarize what we’ve found so far:
- Both cell lines originated from aborted fetal tissue 30-40 years ago. The deaths of the fetuses were definitely ethical problems, but ones which we (today) cannot change.
- Neither cell line has added aborted fetal tissue since then, so that ethical problem has not been ongoing or repeated.
- All three of the vaccines have used those cell lines, although there are differences in which cell line was used, and the amount of use that was made of it.
- None of the vaccine producers have introduced new fetal tissues into their vaccines
Now let’s add in these facts.
- The pandemic continues to cause pain, suffering, death, loss of livelihood, economic devastation throughout the world.
- Using the vaccines seems to be the quickest way to control these problems
- There is still a shortage of vaccines, which means that the J&J vaccine may be the only one offered to individuals or groups.
- The more people who are vaccinated, the fewer people will become sick with the corona-19 virus. The fewer people who become sick, the fewer chances there are for the virus to make copies of itself, mutating while it does so. The fewer Covid 19 virus variants will be produced.
- There are no other widespread cell lines which could have provided the needed data comparison accuracy and comparative antibody assessment quickly enough to be of use in calming this pandemic and saving lives
Finally let’s see if we can decide what to do with the Archbishop’s call to avoid the J&J vaccine
Firstly: the call to action stems from the Archbishop’s concern that aborted fetal tissue was used to originate the cell line used by J&J to make their vaccine. I can certainly understand, and agree, with his concern. A human life was killed and it appears that we are now, many years later, making use of that death for our own good. That would be sinful. and we want to obey Jesus’ first great commandment to love God with our whole heart and mind and soul and strength. I.e. we want to honor Him and the lives He creates.
The problem is, however, that if total rejection of the J&J vaccine is the right response, we should also avoid using any of the other vaccines as well, since each of the vaccines made use of cell lines originating from aborted tissue (as explained above).
Which would leave us with no acceptable vaccines.
If we follow this line of thought we still might well decide that, in order to honor God, we, individually, are prepared to risk sickness and death for ourselves, so we will choose to reject all vaccines.
But in doing so aren’t we are putting our neighbors at increased risk of infection? What about the risk to our family members who need our care and close support? To our work contacts? To the service people we buy goods from? To the world as more variants arise from more sick people?
For some of them Covid 19 infection will go badly!
Also …… will continued distancing help us love our families and neighbors in the active way that is pleasing to God? Think about it. How many of us have held back from doing our normal outreach and caring within our churches and within society because of the fear of getting infected?
All of this would seem to seriously impair our ability to obey Jesus’ second great commandment “Love your neighbor as yourself.”
So – two commandments – Love God. Love your neighbor as yourself. Both must work together in whatever situation He has put us in.
OK.
So here’s my thinking on the Archbishop’s call to avoid using the Johnson and Johnson vaccine.
We live in an imperfect world – choices and actions cannot always be perfect. There were wrong actions many years ago that we are powerless to reverse. (This is just as true for many other situations in our lives). However the original wrong action is not being repeated.
In the here and now it seems to me that loving God will best show through doing good to our neighbors in the pandemic situation in which God has placed us.
Which means getting vaccinated.
In this time of vaccine shortage, I would encourage everyone to take the first available vaccine, regardless of which one it is.
And guess what? That is not just me saying it.
In December 2020 the Vatican (one of the staunchest pro-life proponents in the world) put out a statement saying that it was morally acceptable for Roman Catholics to receive any Covid-19 vaccine, even one based on research that originally used cells derived from aborted fetuses.
Because of the severity of the situation.
And if there are no ethically alternative vaccines available!
The main points of this article are :
- that in God’s providence the pandemic situation is still severe.
- there are currently no ‘more ethical’, yet appropriately wide-spread, standard cell lines to use in the preparation of reliable vaccines.
- all currently available vaccines use the cell lines in some ways – to a greater or lesser degree.
- there is still such a shortage of vaccines that trying to pick and choose between them may cause the kind of delays that result in problems for our own, and others, health and economic situations.
- there are currently no alternative vaccines available.
- getting vaccinated with whatever vaccine becomes available to us may well be the most obvious way to love God and our neighbors right now.
P.S. Of course if someone pursued setting up a more ethical, world-wide (or even America-wide) cell line, I would be able to write a very different article. What about it, future scientists?
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The difficulty many of us share understanding the processes and their moral implications in some very important science tests and treatments is a subject that deeply concerns me, especially as we rush forwards into genetics and biotech. So yes, this is my own subject.
I love your ethical writing about the cell lines. I still have difficulty to understand where to draw this grey line upon the ‘crispr genetic engineering’. While the technology is neutral and purely science, the applications of its capability to ‘contaminate’ God’s creation of DNA by tampering or interfering it, which is sacred in God’s design. It’s ‘how’ it is to be used in a fallen world and how much of it an offense to our personal conviction, hence a personal choice. No longer science fiction. Do you have a different blog on this or opinion?
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I am with you. The “how crisper genetic engineering is to be used in a fallen world” is one of the biggest questions facing us. It definitely is no longer science fiction, and will require very careful assessment by Christians. The blurred line between healing and enhancement, and how little we still understand the interelationships between parts of our DNA are two of the most obvious difficulties to me. I hope to address it soon.
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